In an increasingly competitive and regulated corporate environment, a thorough understanding of corporate governance tools is crucial to the success and longevity of any organisation. Among these tools, auditing plays an essential role in protecting and strengthening companies. However, a recurring question among managers and entrepreneurs concerns the distinction between internal and external auditing and which one best meets the needs of the organisation.

With a growing demand for transparency and compliance, it is essential to understand the details and implications of each type of audit, both from the perspective of organisational improvement and meeting regulatory and market requirements.

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the differences between internal and external auditing, their respective benefits and applications. By the end, you'll have an informed understanding of which type of audit is best suited to the particularities of your company. In addition, the article will address the potential synergy between both types of audit, highlighting how combining these practices can significantly increase the effectiveness of internal controls and market confidence.

What is Auditing?

Before we discuss the distinctions, it is essential to understand the concept of auditing.

Auditing refers to a systematic and rigorously documented process of collecting and evaluating evidence about an organisation's financial, operational or governance information. The central objective is to determine whether this information complies with established criteria, such as regulatory norms, internal policies or international standards. Auditing acts as a verification mechanism that ensures the accuracy, consistency and integrity of the data presented, serving as a basis for strategic and operational decision-making.

A well-executed audit not only verifies compliance with rules and regulations, but also promotes transparency, strengthens governance and contributes to building a corporate culture geared towards continuous improvement. In order to understand their different modalities, it is necessary to explore internal and external audits, which, despite sharing general objectives, differ in scope, independence, beneficiaries and applicability.

What is Internal Auditing?

Internal auditing is an independent and objective activity that is set up as an internal consultancy for the company itself.

It is conducted by an internal team, usually made up of professionals from the organisation's staff, or by third parties hired directly for this function. Internal auditing is not limited to checking figures and legal compliance; its scope is broader and includes assessing and improving the effectiveness of internal controls, risk management and corporate governance. This multi-faceted approach allows internal auditing to address not only financial compliance, but also to identify operational inefficiencies and suggest practices that increase the organisation's effectiveness.

Main Characteristics of Internal Auditing:

• Relative IndependenceAlthough the internal audit is carried out by employees of the company itself, it must operate independently of the audited activities, reporting directly to senior management or the board of directors. This ensures that its recommendations are not influenced by internal interests, preserving the objectivity and integrity of the process.
• Focus on Processes and Controls: Evaluates the effectiveness of internal controls and provides recommendations for optimising operational processes. In addition, internal auditing seeks to identify risks that could jeopardise information security, process efficiency and data integrity, guaranteeing a holistic approach.
• Flexible ScopeIt can address an extensive range of areas, such as regulatory compliance, operational efficiency, cyber security, corporate ethics and sustainability. The flexibility of internal auditing allows it to adapt quickly to the organisation's new needs, whether these arise from regulatory, market or operational changes.
• Frequency: Carried out continuously or at specific intervals, depending on the organisation's needs. The internal audit can be structured to constantly monitor key areas and critical processes, facilitating the proactive identification of problems.
• Main Objective: To promote improvements in internal processes and contribute to achieving the company's strategic objectives. Internal auditing seeks to add value to the organisation by providing a clear view of the areas that need improvement and offering practical solutions to identified problems.

What is External Auditing?

The external audit is conducted by an independent entity, usually an auditing firm or specialised consultancy such as TGS. The main objective of the external audit is to certify the accuracy and conformity of the organisation's financial statements in accordance with applicable accounting standards, such as IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) or CPC (Accounting Pronouncements Committee). The impartiality of external auditors is a key factor in ensuring that financial reports fairly represent the company's financial situation, promoting trust and transparency among investors and other stakeholders.

Main characteristics of external auditing:

• Absolute IndependenceExternal auditors are hired from outside the company, guaranteeing total impartiality in analysing financial information. This absolute independence is one of the main pillars that lends credibility to the work carried out, since the auditors have no ties that could jeopardise their objectivity.
• Focus on Financial ComplianceChecks that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's financial situation. The external audit ensures that the accounting records comply with legal and regulatory standards, as well as assessing whether there is consistency in the application of accounting principles.
• Mandatory in some casesPublicly traded companies, financial institutions and organisations regulated by specific bodies are required by law to carry out external audits. In addition, in many sectors, external auditing is a prerequisite for attracting investment or establishing strategic partnerships.
• Objectivity: Provides assurance to external stakeholders, such as investors, shareholders and regulatory bodies, about the reliability of the financial statements. The objectivity of the external auditor contributes to the formation of an image of trust and seriousness of the company in the market.
• FrequencyGenerally conducted annually, before the publication of the annual financial reports. However, some companies choose to carry out interim audits to ensure ongoing compliance and anticipate potential adjustments.

Differences Between Internal and External Auditing

Aspect	Internal Audit	External Audit
Purpose	Improving internal processes and efficiency.	Ensuring the accuracy of the financial statements.
Directors	Internal professionals or third parties hired by the company.	Independent firms hired externally.
Independence	Relative, reporting to the management or board.	Total, with no direct link to the company.
Focus	Internal controls, processes and risks.	Financial and regulatory compliance.
Beneficiaries	Senior management and board of directors.	Investors, shareholders and regulators.
Obligation	Not compulsory.	Mandatory for some companies.
Frequency	Regular and continuous.	Usually annual.
Applicable standards	Internal rules and specific regulations.	Accounting and regulatory standards, such as IFRS.

Benefits of Internal Auditing

• Continuous ImprovementIdentifies inefficiencies and proposes improvements to internal processes. This continuous approach provides a constant evolution in the quality of organisational processes.
• Risk preventionDetects and prevents fraud and errors before they become significant problems. By acting preventively, internal auditing minimises the negative impact of possible risks.
• Regulatory ComplianceEnsures that the company is always in compliance with applicable regulations, avoiding potential sanctions. Continuous compliance also improves the company's reputation with regulatory bodies.
• Decision Support: Provides fundamental insights for strategic decision-making, enabling better targeting of organisational resources.
• Promoting EthicsEncourages a corporate environment based on ethics and responsibility, reinforcing a culture of integrity at all levels of the organisation.

Benefits of External Auditing

• Credibility: Confirms the accuracy and reliability of financial statements for stakeholders. Credibility is an essential factor in attracting new investors and strategic partners.
• TransparencyProvides greater transparency of financial information to the market, increasing the confidence of investors, customers and suppliers.
• Legal ComplianceComplies with legal and regulatory requirements, avoiding sanctions and fines that could jeopardise the company's financial health.
• Easy access to financeExternally audited companies find it easier to raise funds, as investors have more confidence when assessing the company's financial health and reliability.
• Market ConfidenceStrengthens the confidence of investors and potential business partners, facilitating the establishment of business relationships and increasing the value of the brand.

What Does Your Company Need?

The decision between internal and external auditing depends on the organisation's size, sector and specific needs. In many cases, companies can benefit from adopting both simultaneously, since each offers complementary advantages that, when combined, provide a more robust control system.

Consider Internal Audit if:

• Your company wants to improve internal processes and operational efficiency.
• There is a need to identify and mitigate risks before they become significant problems, guaranteeing business continuity.
• It seeks to foster an organisational culture based on ethics and corporate governance, as well as promoting employee responsibility.

Consider External Audit if:

• Your company is required by law to carry out independent audits in order to comply with sector-specific regulations.
• It wants to guarantee the credibility of the financial statements vis-à-vis investors and other stakeholders.
• It plans to attract investors, obtain financing or enter into strategic partnerships, and needs to prove its financial strength.

How to Implement an Audit Programme in Your Company?

Regardless of the type of audit, certain steps are essential to implementing an effective audit programme. Adequate preparation and the right choice of professionals are key to ensuring that the audit process adds value to the organisation.

1. PlanningDefine clear objectives and the scope of the audit. Planning should include identifying the areas of greatest risk and defining the necessary resources.
2. Choosing ProfessionalsFor internal auditing, set up a dedicated department or hire specialised consultants with relevant experience. For external auditing, select an independent firm that is recognised on the market and has a good track record and reputation.
3. Data CollectionEnsure that all financial and operational records are organised and accessible. The quality of the data collected directly influences the accuracy and reliability of the audit results.
4. Execution: Carry out the audit according to the established plan, with detailed inspections and interviews. The execution phase must be conducted with technical rigour and impartiality.
5. ReportDocument the findings and present recommendations for improvement. The report should be clear, objective and include practical suggestions that can be implemented by the organisation.
6. Follow-upImplement the recommendations and monitor the results over time. Follow-up is a critical part of ensuring that the recommended changes are effective and lasting.

Examples of Case Studies

Case 1: Financial sector company A financial institution used internal auditing to identify flaws in internal controls that could result in regulatory fines. Subsequently, the external audit confirmed the accuracy of the financial statements, strengthening investor confidence. This combined internal and external audit process allowed the company to mitigate risks and improve transparency, consolidating its position in the market.

Case 2: Food industry A company in the food sector implemented internal audits to improve its supply chain and ensure compliance with food safety standards. With the support of the external audit, it was able to meet export requirements and expand its market. The internal audit helped identify operational inefficiencies, while the external audit ensured compliance with international standards, opening up new commercial opportunities.

TGS Compass Can Help

At TGS Compass, we offer complete solutions for internal and external auditing. Our highly qualified team, with extensive experience in different sectors, is ready to help your company:

• Implementing effective internal controls that minimise risks and promote efficiency.
• Ensure compliance with accounting and regulatory standardsensuring that its financial statements meet the required standards.
• Strengthen your reputation in the marketThis increases stakeholder confidence and facilitates access to new investments.

Our aim is to provide comprehensive support that goes beyond simple data verification, but also contributes to the strategic and sustainable growth of your organisation. Contact us and find out how we can help your company reach new levels of efficiency and governance.

Conclusion

Internal and external audits are indispensable elements for companies that want to grow sustainably and responsibly. Understanding the differences and benefits of each allows you to make strategic decisions to meet your organisation's specific needs. In addition, the combined use of both audits can create a synergy that strengthens governance and ensures compliance at all operational levels.

Investing in auditing is investing in your company's future, whether it's to improve internal processes or to ensure credibility in the eyes of the market and stakeholders. With a strategic and integrated approach, auditing can be a powerful engine for organisational transformation and growth.